Pay & careers statistics
Skills Gap Statistics 2026
This page collects current figures on the skills gap: how many employers cannot find qualified workers, which skills are scarcest, how AI is changing what employers ask for, how well adults score on basic and digital skills, and how much employers spend on training. It covers the US, UK, EU and Australia plus global employer surveys, mostly with data from 2024 to 2026.
By the Mojolin research desk · Updated November 6, 2026 · Next review by December 21, 2026
- Figures
- 52
- Primary sources
- 16
- Official or research
- 44%
- Charts
- 5
Key takeaways
- 72%72% of employers surveyed in 41 countries reported difficulty filling roles in ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey, down from 74% a year earlier.ManpowerGroup
- 86%86% of US small business owners who were hiring or trying to hire in October 2026 reported few or no qualified applicants, equal to 48% of all owners surveyed.NFIB
- 27%27% of all UK vacancies in 2024 were skill-shortage vacancies, down from 36% in 2022 but higher than 22% in 2017.UK Department for Education
- 20%AI model and application development (20%) and AI literacy (19%) were the hardest skills for employers to find worldwide in 2026, the first time AI topped ManpowerGroup's ranking.ManpowerGroup
- 62%Job ads requiring AI skills carried an average wage premium of 62% in PwC's 2026 analysis, up from 57% the previous year.PwC
- 63%63% of employers surveyed by the World Economic Forum named skill gaps as a major barrier to business transformation over 2025 to 2030, the top barrier overall.World Economic Forum
- 28%28% of US adults scored at Level 1 or below in literacy in 2023, up from 19% in 2017.National Center for Education Statistics
- 59 in 100If the world's workforce were 100 people, 59 would need training by 2030, and employers expect 11 of them to miss out on the reskilling they need.World Economic Forum
Research overview
What the numbers say
Hiring difficulty is common but easing. ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey found 72% of employers worldwide struggling to fill roles, down from 74%, and 69% in the US. Official measures point the same way: the UK Employer Skills Survey shows skill-shortage vacancies falling from 36% of vacancies in 2022 to 27% in 2024, and Jobs and Skills Australia rated 29% of occupations in shortage in 2025 against 36% in 2023. Small firms feel it most sharply; NFIB reports that 86% of US small business owners who were hiring in October 2026 saw few or no qualified applicants.
The composition of the gap is changing faster than its size. AI skills became the hardest to find in ManpowerGroup's ranking for the first time in 2026, and posting data from Indeed, LinkedIn and PwC show demand for AI skills growing several times faster than overall hiring. PwC measures a 62% average wage premium for AI skills. At the same time, the supply of AI talent is narrow: LinkedIn finds 91% of AI roles held by graduates and only 26% of new AI hires are women.
Older shortages have not gone away. UK construction and skilled trades still see close to half of vacancies hard to fill for skills reasons, and Eurostat reports that 57.5% of EU firms trying to hire ICT specialists had trouble doing so. Basic skills are a further constraint: NCES reports that 28% of US adults scored at the lowest literacy level in 2023, and Eurostat finds only 60.4% of EU adults have basic digital skills.
Employers say upskilling is their main response, but spending and participation do not show a large push. The World Economic Forum reports that 85% of employers plan to prioritize upskilling, yet UK training spend per employee fell to £1,700 in 2024, EU adult learning participation was 13.7% in 2025, and Cedefop found only 15% of EU workers had taken any AI training. US training spending rose 4.9% to $102.8 billion in 2025 according to Training magazine.
01
How many employers struggle to find skilled workers
Chart
Employers reporting difficulty filling roles, selected countries, 2026
Share of employers reporting difficulty filling roles, 2026 Talent Shortage Survey, fieldwork October 2025.
Source ManpowerGroup, Global Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top Spot
View data table
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| Germany | 83% |
| France | 74% |
| United Kingdom | 73% |
| United States | 69% |
| China | 48% |
Chart
Share of Australian occupations in national shortage, 2021 to 2025
Percentage of assessed occupations rated in national shortage on each year's Occupation Shortage List.
Source Jobs and Skills Australia, 2025 Occupation Shortage List Key Findings Report
View data table
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| 2021 | 22% |
| 2022 | 31% |
| 2023 | 36% |
| 2024 | 33% |
| 2025 | 29% |
- 172%72%
72% of employers surveyed in 41 countries reported difficulty filling roles in ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey, down from 74% a year earlier.
IndustryManpowerGroupGlobal Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top SpotFeb 2026
- 269%69%
69% of US employers reported difficulty finding the talent they need in 2026, a slight improvement from 71% the year before.
IndustryManpowerGroup2026 U.S. Talent Shortage SurveyFeb 2026
- 383%83%
Germany had the highest talent shortage rate among large economies in ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey at 83%, while China had the lowest at 48%.
IndustryManpowerGroupGlobal Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top SpotFeb 2026
- 486%86%
86% of US small business owners who were hiring or trying to hire in October 2026 reported few or no qualified applicants, equal to 48% of all owners surveyed.
IndustryNFIBOctober 2026 Jobs Report: Small Business Jobs Numbers StrengthenNov 2026
- 536%36%
36% of US small business owners had job openings they could not fill in October 2026 (seasonally adjusted), 12 points above the survey's historical average.
IndustryNFIBOctober 2026 Jobs Report: Small Business Jobs Numbers StrengthenNov 2026
- 625%25%
25% of US small business owners named labor quality or availability as their single most important problem in October 2026, 13 points above the historical average.
IndustryNFIBOctober 2026 Jobs Report: Small Business Jobs Numbers StrengthenNov 2026
- 729%29%
29% of the occupations assessed by Jobs and Skills Australia were in national shortage in 2025, down from 33% in 2024 and 36% in 2023.
OfficialJobs and Skills AustraliaShortages ease, gaps persist: 2025 Occupation Shortage ListOct 2025
- 844%44%
The share of Australian employers reporting recruitment difficulty fell from 55% in June 2024 to 44% in June 2025.
OfficialJobs and Skills Australia2025 Occupation Shortage List Key Findings ReportOct 2025
What these figures suggest
Most employers in rich economies still report trouble hiring, although the pressure has eased slightly since the post-pandemic peak. ManpowerGroup's survey of 39,000 employers puts hiring difficulty at 72% worldwide and 69% in the US, with Germany at 83% and China at 48%. Among US small firms, NFIB finds that 86% of owners who were hiring in October 2026 saw few or no qualified applicants. Australia's official shortage list shows the same easing trend: 29% of assessed occupations were in national shortage in 2025, down from 36% in 2023. Survey questions differ, so these shares describe how employers feel about hiring rather than a single measured gap.
02
Skill-shortage vacancies in the UK and EU
Chart
Skill-shortage vacancies as a share of all vacancies by occupation, UK, 2024
Employer Skills Survey 2024, UK employers, four occupation groups with the highest skill-shortage vacancy density.
Source UK Department for Education, Employer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024
View data table
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| Skilled trades | 48% |
| Caring and leisure | 30% |
| Professional | 29% |
| Machine operatives | 29% |
- 927%27%
27% of all UK vacancies in 2024 were skill-shortage vacancies, down from 36% in 2022 but higher than 22% in 2017.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 106%6%
6% of UK employers had at least one skill-shortage vacancy at the time of the 2024 survey, down from 10% in 2022.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 1145%45%
Construction had the highest skill-shortage vacancy density of any UK sector in 2024, with 45% of its vacancies hard to fill because of skills.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 1248%48%
48% of UK vacancies for skilled trades positions in 2024 were skill-shortage vacancies, the highest of any occupation group.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 134.0%4.0%
4.0% of the UK workforce was judged by employers to have a skills gap in 2024, down from 5.7% in 2022.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 1457.5%57.5%
57.5% of EU enterprises that recruited or tried to recruit ICT specialists during 2023 had difficulty filling those vacancies.
OfficialEurostatICT specialists: statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprisesJun 2025
- 1572.41%72.41%
In Germany, 72.41% of enterprises that tried to hire ICT specialists in 2023 reported difficulty filling the roles, the highest share in the EU, compared with 30.15% in Spain.
OfficialEurostatICT specialists: statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprisesJun 2025
- 1643.24%43.24%
A lack of applications was the most common obstacle to filling ICT specialist jobs in the EU in 2023, cited by 43.24% of enterprises.
OfficialEurostatICT specialists: statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprisesJun 2025
What these figures suggest
Government surveys in Europe separate vacancies that are hard to fill for any reason from those that are hard to fill because applicants lack skills. In the UK, 27% of vacancies in 2024 were skill-shortage vacancies, below the 2022 peak of 36% but still above the 22% recorded in 2017. Shortages concentrate in construction and skilled trades, where close to half of vacancies are hard to fill for skills reasons. In the EU, specialist tech hiring is the clearest pain point: 57.5% of firms that tried to hire ICT specialists had difficulty, rising above 70% in Germany and Czechia. The ESS figures are snapshots taken at the time of interview, and the Eurostat figures cover enterprises with 10 or more employees.
03
AI skills: the newest and fastest-growing gap
Chart
Hardest skills for employers to find worldwide, 2026
Share of employers naming each skill as hard to find, 39,063 employers in 41 countries.
Source ManpowerGroup, Global Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top Spot
View data table
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| AI model and application development | 20% |
| AI literacy | 19% |
| Engineering | 19% |
| Sales and marketing | 18% |
| Manufacturing and production | 17% |
Chart
Share of LinkedIn job ads requiring an AI skill, 2026
LinkedIn job postings, 2026, five markets covered by the AI Labor Market Update.
Source LinkedIn Economic Graph, AI Labor Market Update, August 2026
View data table
| Category | Value |
|---|---|
| India | 5.5% |
| UK | 4.5% |
| US | 3% |
| France | 2% |
| Germany | 2% |
- 1720%20%
AI model and application development (20%) and AI literacy (19%) were the hardest skills for employers to find worldwide in 2026, the first time AI topped ManpowerGroup's ranking.
IndustryManpowerGroupGlobal Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top SpotFeb 2026
- 184.2%4.2%
The share of US job postings on Indeed that mention AI or related terms reached a record 4.2% in December 2025.
IndustryIndeed Hiring LabJanuary labor market update: Jobs mentioning AI are growing amid broader hiring weaknessJan 2026
- 19134%134%
US job postings on Indeed that mention AI were 134% above February 2020 levels at the end of 2025, while total postings were only 6% above that baseline.
IndustryIndeed Hiring LabJanuary labor market update: Jobs mentioning AI are growing amid broader hiring weaknessJan 2026
- 2045%45%
45% of US data and analytics job postings mentioned AI in December 2025, the highest share of any occupation group Indeed tracks.
IndustryIndeed Hiring LabJanuary labor market update: Jobs mentioning AI are growing amid broader hiring weaknessJan 2026
- 214.5%4.5%
4.5% of UK job ads and 3.0% of US job ads on LinkedIn required an AI skill in 2026, with India highest at 5.5%.
IndustryLinkedIn Economic GraphAI Labor Market Update, August 2026Aug 2026
- 2262%62%
AI Engineer was the fastest-growing entry-level role in the US on LinkedIn in the second quarter of 2026, with hiring up 62% year over year.
IndustryLinkedIn Economic GraphAI Labor Market Update, August 2026Aug 2026
- 23Roughly doubledRoughly doubled
New job postings for AI roles on LinkedIn roughly doubled between 2023/2024 and 2025/2026.
IndustryLinkedIn Economic GraphThe AI Talent Divide 2026Aug 2026
- 2491%91%
91% of AI roles on LinkedIn are held by workers with a bachelor's degree or higher, compared with 82% of non-AI roles.
IndustryLinkedIn Economic GraphThe AI Talent Divide 2026Aug 2026
- 2526%26%
Women made up only 26% of new hires into AI roles on LinkedIn in 2025, compared with 50% of new hires in non-AI occupations.
IndustryLinkedIn Economic GraphThe AI Talent Divide 2026Aug 2026
- 2662%62%
Job ads requiring AI skills carried an average wage premium of 62% in PwC's 2026 analysis, up from 57% the previous year.
IndustryPwCAI reshapes global labour market into two distinct paths, rewarding human skills: PwC 2026 Global AI Jobs BarometerJun 2026
- 2769%69%
Jobs requiring specific AI skills grew 69%, almost eight times as fast as the overall jobs market at 9%, in PwC's analysis of job ads across 27 countries and territories.
IndustryPwCAI reshapes global labour market into two distinct paths, rewarding human skills: PwC 2026 Global AI Jobs BarometerJun 2026
What these figures suggest
AI skills became the hardest skills to source worldwide for the first time in ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey, ahead of engineering and traditional IT. Job posting data agree: AI mentions on Indeed reached a record 4.2% of US postings in December 2025, and LinkedIn counts roughly twice as many new AI role postings in 2025/2026 as in 2023/2024. Pay follows demand, with PwC measuring a 62% average wage premium for AI skills in job ads. Supply is narrow, since LinkedIn finds 91% of AI roles held by graduates and only 26% of new AI hires are women. Posting-based measures count employer demand, not how many workers actually hold the skills.
04
Core and human skills employers want
- 2839%39%
Communication, collaboration and teamwork were the most sought-after attributes for employers worldwide in 2026, named by 39%, followed by professionalism and work ethic at 36%.
IndustryManpowerGroupGlobal Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top SpotFeb 2026
- 2939%39%
Employers expect 39% of workers' existing skill sets to be transformed or become outdated between 2025 and 2030, down from 44% in the 2023 edition and 57% in 2020.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 30Seven in 10Seven in 10
Seven in 10 employers surveyed by the World Economic Forum consider analytical thinking essential, making it the most sought-after core skill in 2025.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 3163%63%
63% of employers surveyed by the World Economic Forum named skill gaps as a major barrier to business transformation over 2025 to 2030, the top barrier overall.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 3224%24%
24% of employers expect manual dexterity, endurance and precision to become less important by 2030, the largest net decline of any skill.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 33Two-thirdsTwo-thirds
Two-thirds of employers plan to hire talent with specific AI skills, while 40% expect to reduce their workforce where AI can automate tasks.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
What these figures suggest
Technical shortages get the headlines, but employers still rank human skills as the attributes they most want. In ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey, communication and teamwork led at 39%, ahead of any single hard skill. The World Economic Forum finds analytical thinking is the top core skill and expects 39% of workers' existing skills to change or become outdated by 2030. Its employers named skill gaps as the biggest barrier to transforming their businesses. These are employer opinions about future needs, so they show priorities rather than measured deficits.
05
Basic literacy, numeracy and digital skills
- 3428%28%
28% of US adults scored at Level 1 or below in literacy in 2023, up from 19% in 2017.
OfficialNational Center for Education StatisticsU.S. adults score on par with international average in literacy skills, below international average in numeracy and problem solvingDec 2024
- 3534%34%
34% of US adults scored at Level 1 or below in numeracy in 2023, up from 29% in 2017.
OfficialNational Center for Education StatisticsU.S. adults score on par with international average in literacy skills, below international average in numeracy and problem solvingDec 2024
- 3660.4%60.4%
60.4% of people aged 16 to 74 in the EU had at least basic digital skills in 2025, below the 2030 target of 80%.
OfficialEurostatSDG 4: Quality educationJun 2026
- 3737.6%37.6%
In the EU, 82.3% of people with high formal education had at least basic digital skills in 2025, compared with 37.6% of people with no or low formal education.
OfficialEurostatSDG 4: Quality educationJun 2026
- 3840-60%40-60%
Between 40% and 60% of adult workers surveyed by Cedefop in 11 EU countries had a poor understanding of what AI is and how it works (2024 survey).
OfficialCedefopSkills empower workers in the AI revolution: first findings from Cedefop's AI skills surveyJan 2025
- 3942%42%
42% of EU workers surveyed by Cedefop in 2024 said they need to further develop their skills in using AI tools for their job.
OfficialCedefopSkills empower workers in the AI revolution: first findings from Cedefop's AI skills surveyJan 2025
What these figures suggest
Some gaps start before anyone applies for a job. The 2023 OECD Survey of Adult Skills, reported for the US by NCES, found that 28% of US adults scored at the lowest literacy level, up from 19% in 2017, and 34% did so in numeracy. In the EU, 60.4% of people aged 16 to 74 had at least basic digital skills in 2025, well short of the 80% target for 2030, and the share falls steeply with age and education. Cedefop's survey of workers in 11 EU countries adds that 40% to 60% have a poor understanding of what AI is. These are population measures, so they include people outside the labor force.
06
Reskilling spend and training participation
- 4059 in 10059 in 100
If the world's workforce were 100 people, 59 would need training by 2030, and employers expect 11 of them to miss out on the reskilling they need.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 4185%85%
85% of employers surveyed by the World Economic Forum plan to prioritize upskilling their workforce, and 70% expect to hire staff with new skills.
IndustryWorld Economic ForumThe Future of Jobs Report 2025Jan 2025
- 4227%27%
Upskilling or reskilling current staff was the most common response to talent shortages worldwide in 2026, used by 27% of employers.
IndustryManpowerGroupGlobal Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top SpotFeb 2026
- 43£53.0bn£53.0bn
UK employers spent £53.0bn on training in 2024, down from £59.0bn in 2022 in 2024 prices and 18.5% lower than in 2011.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 44£1,700£1,700
UK training spend per employee was £1,700 in 2024, down from £1,960 in 2022 and 29.5% lower than in 2011.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 4559%59%
59% of UK employers had funded or arranged training for staff in the previous 12 months in 2024, down from 66% in 2017.
OfficialUK Department for EducationEmployer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024Sep 2025
- 46$102.8 billion$102.8 billion
US training expenditures rose 4.9% to $102.8 billion in 2025, according to Training magazine's annual survey of organizations.
IndustryTraining magazine2025 Training Industry ReportNov 2025
- 47$874$874
US organizations spent an average of $874 per learner on training in 2025, up from $774 in 2024.
IndustryTraining magazine2025 Training Industry ReportNov 2025
- 4825%25%
25% of US organizations said AI training would get more funding and resources in 2026, second only to management and supervisory training at 30%.
IndustryTraining magazine2025 Training Industry ReportNov 2025
- 4913.7%13.7%
13.7% of EU adults aged 25 to 64 took part in education or training in the four weeks before the survey in 2025, up from 5.3% in 2002.
OfficialEurostatSDG 4: Quality educationJun 2026
- 5022.29%22.29%
22.29% of EU enterprises provided training to staff to develop their ICT skills in 2023, rising to 72.62% among large enterprises.
OfficialEurostatICT specialists: statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprisesJun 2025
- 5115%15%
Only 15% of EU workers surveyed by Cedefop had taken education or training to develop their AI knowledge and skills in the previous year (2024 survey).
OfficialCedefopSkills empower workers in the AI revolution: first findings from Cedefop's AI skills surveyJan 2025
- 5244%44%
44% of EU workers surveyed by Cedefop were concerned they will not receive adequate training to work with AI.
OfficialCedefopSkills empower workers in the AI revolution: first findings from Cedefop's AI skills surveyJan 2025
What these figures suggest
Employers say upskilling is their main answer to shortages, but training effort is flat or falling on several measures. The World Economic Forum estimates that 59 of every 100 workers will need training by 2030, and 85% of employers plan to prioritize upskilling. In the UK, total employer training spend fell to £53.0bn in 2024, or £1,700 per employee, while US training spending reached $102.8 billion in 2025 according to Training magazine. Participation remains low in Europe: only 13.7% of EU adults took part in learning in a four-week window in 2025, and Cedefop found just 15% of workers had taken AI training. Spending figures come from employer surveys with different scopes and are not comparable across countries.
About these figures
Figures come from ManpowerGroup, NFIB, Jobs and Skills Australia, the UK Department for Education's Employer Skills Survey, Eurostat, the World Economic Forum, Indeed Hiring Lab, the LinkedIn Economic Graph, PwC, the National Center for Education Statistics, Cedefop and Training magazine. Every quote was checked against the publisher's page. Definitions differ: ManpowerGroup and NFIB ask employers whether they have trouble hiring, the Employer Skills Survey counts vacancies that are hard to fill because of applicants' skills, and Jobs and Skills Australia rates occupations using fill rates and other evidence. Job posting measures from Indeed, LinkedIn and PwC show what employers ask for, not how many workers have the skills. World Economic Forum figures are employer expectations for 2025 to 2030. Training spending figures cover different samples and currencies and should not be compared across countries. Some figures, such as Eurostat's ICT recruitment data for 2023 and Cedefop's 2024 AI survey, are the latest available editions.
Every figure was taken from the publisher's own page, together with the sentence it appears in, and that sentence is re-checked against the source before each update. Where a survey covers a specific group, the figure says so. Read the methodology. Spotted a problem? Email editorial@mojolin.com.
Frequently asked questions
+How big is the skills gap?
ManpowerGroup's 2026 survey of 39,063 employers in 41 countries found 72% reporting difficulty filling roles, and 69% in the US. In the UK, 27% of vacancies in 2024 were hard to fill because applicants lacked skills, according to the Employer Skills Survey.
+What skills are hardest to find in 2026?
AI model and application development (20%) and AI literacy (19%) topped ManpowerGroup's 2026 ranking of hard-to-find skills, followed by engineering (19%) and sales and marketing (18%). Among human skills, communication and teamwork were the most sought-after attributes at 39%.
+Is the skills gap getting better or worse?
Overall hiring difficulty has eased slightly: ManpowerGroup's global figure fell from 74% to 72%, UK skill-shortage vacancy density fell from 36% in 2022 to 27% in 2024, and Australia's share of occupations in shortage fell from 36% in 2023 to 29% in 2025. Demand for AI skills, however, is rising quickly.
+How much do AI skills pay?
PwC's 2026 Global AI Jobs Barometer found an average wage premium of 62% in job ads requiring AI skills, up from 57% a year earlier. The premium ranged from 16% in government and public sector roles to 118% in consumer markets.
+How much do employers spend on training?
Training magazine reports US training expenditures of $102.8 billion in 2025, or $874 per learner. UK employers spent £53.0bn in 2024, equal to £1,700 per employee and 29.5% less per employee than in 2011, according to the Employer Skills Survey.
+How many workers need reskilling?
The World Economic Forum estimates that 59 of every 100 workers will need training by 2030, and that 11 of them are unlikely to get it. It also expects 39% of workers' current skills to change or become outdated between 2025 and 2030.
Sources
16 primary sources, by publisher
- 01Official Cedefop. Skills empower workers in the AI revolution: first findings from Cedefop's AI skills survey (Jan 2025)
- 02Official Eurostat. ICT specialists: statistics on hard-to-fill vacancies in enterprises (Jun 2025)
- 03Official Eurostat. SDG 4: Quality education (Jun 2026)
- 04Industry Indeed Hiring Lab. January labor market update: Jobs mentioning AI are growing amid broader hiring weakness (Jan 2026)
- 05Official Jobs and Skills Australia. 2025 Occupation Shortage List Key Findings Report (Oct 2025)
- 06Official Jobs and Skills Australia. Shortages ease, gaps persist: 2025 Occupation Shortage List (Oct 2025)
- 07Industry LinkedIn Economic Graph. AI Labor Market Update, August 2026 (Aug 2026)
- 08Industry LinkedIn Economic Graph. The AI Talent Divide 2026 (Aug 2026)
- 09Industry ManpowerGroup. 2026 U.S. Talent Shortage Survey (Feb 2026)
- 10Industry ManpowerGroup. Global Talent Shortage Reaches Turning Point as AI Skills Claim Top Spot (Feb 2026)
- 11Official National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. adults score on par with international average in literacy skills, below international average in numeracy and problem solving (Dec 2024)
- 12Industry NFIB. October 2026 Jobs Report: Small Business Jobs Numbers Strengthen (Nov 2026)
- 13Industry PwC. AI reshapes global labour market into two distinct paths, rewarding human skills: PwC 2026 Global AI Jobs Barometer (Jun 2026)
- 14Industry Training magazine. 2025 Training Industry Report (Nov 2025)
- 15Official UK Department for Education. Employer Skills Survey, Calendar year 2024 (Sep 2025)
- 16Industry World Economic Forum. The Future of Jobs Report 2025 (Jan 2025)